Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that
best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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The
RNA viruses are not classified according to: a. | envelope, capsid geometry | b. | RNA strandedness | c. | gram reaction | d. | genomic segmentation | e. | strand sense | | |
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2.
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The
influenza virus exterior: a. | is typically orthomyxoviral | b. | spiked with glycoproteins | c. | neuraminidase, hemagglutinin | d. | host-derived lipoprotein coat | e. | all of these | | |
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3.
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Influenza viruses are highly variable because of: a. | mutation and reassortment | b. | glycoprotein spikes | c. | lipoprotein envelope | d. | hemolysis | e. | hydrolysis | | |
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4.
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Transmission and incidence of influenza A in the tropics is least represented
by: a. | inhalation of infective droplets and
secondarily by fomites | b. | crowding, poor ventilation, and careless
hygiene | c. | close association
with poultry and swine is a high risk factor | d. | mortality is highest among the very young, elderly, and
immunocompromised | e. | seasonal fluctuation, higher in late fall and
winter | | |
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5.
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Total
prevention of viral influenza may not be feasible since: a. | vaccination is recommended for the elderly and for
high-risk groups | b. | influenza virus is grown in embryonated
eggs | c. | standard vaccine
is killed virus and has an effective rate of 70-90% | d. | attenuated virus vaccine is effective at a lower dose,
given at home | e. | vaccination
impractical, mutant strains continually emerge | | |
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6.
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Measles exhibits the following features. Which one most closely relates to
epidemic spread? a. | ranks among top
ten of most frequent causes of death worldwide | b. | one of the most contagious diseases, transmitted by
respiratory aerosols | c. | status of housing, herd immunity, nutrition, medical
care | d. | young, large,
dense populations, humans are the natural reservoir | e. | afflicts babies and children, sometimes
fatally | | |
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7.
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Red
measles is highly __, readily transmitted by respiratory aerosols and direct contact.
Predisposing conditions are crowding, poor __ immunity, inadequate nutrition, and lack of medical
attention. Humans are __ hosts even though the virus is apparently eliminated from most
convalescent cases. a. | contagious, herd, reservoir | b. | motile, personal, zoonotic | | |
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8.
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Childhood complications of red measles are __ but can cause death when they
occur. Children with underlying leukemia or with thymic __ are especially
vulnerable. a. | common,
hyperplasia | b. | infrequent,
deficiency | | |
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9.
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Listed
below are some features of rabies. Although rabies is not as prevalent as many other diseases,
access to humans is assured because: a. | rabies is caused by rhabdovirus, of the genus
Lyssavirus | b. | of its
distinctive helical nucleocapsid is reminescent of a .45 caliber slug | c. | it is a progressive zoonotic infection that centers upon
nerve tissue | d. | untreated
infection often ends in fatal meningoencephalitis | e. | worldwide, its primary reservoir is wild animals like
canines, skunks and bats | | |
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10.
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Dengue
fever, sometimes called "breakbone fever" for the excruciating pain in muscles and __, is
caused by a flavivirus and is carried by the __ mosquito. The disease is __ to Southeast
Asia and India although outbreaks occur in South and Central America, the Carribean and
Mexico a. | joints,
Aedes, endemic | b. | eyes, Anopheles, sporadic | | |
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11.
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The
retroviruses are not: a. | enveloped, ssRNA | b. | reverse transcripted | c. | reverse translated | d. | oncogenic | e. | lentiviruses | | |
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12.
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Leukemia and lymphoma are caused by human __lymphotrophic viruses types I and II (HTLV
I and HTLV II). On the other hand, HTLV III, the cause of AIDS, is comprised of two types, HIV
1, prevalent __, and HIV 2, endemic to west Africa. a. | B-cell, to the United States | b. | T-cell, worldwide | | |
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13.
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Combined findings that came to define AIDS include all but: a. | pneumocystis pneumonia | b. | heterosexuality | c. | hypoimmunity, wasting | d. | Kaposi's sarcoma | e. | swollen lymph nodes | | |
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14.
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The
first reliably documented case of AIDS occurred in a(n) __ male in 1959. This finding suggests
that zoonotic transmission probably took place in the early 1950s. Apparently HIV was initially
confined to small isolated hamlets undergoing __ adaptations and becoming more
infectious. a. | African,
genetic | b. | Mediterranean,
behavioral | | |
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15.
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As HIV
evolved in isolated villages, becoming more virulent, contacts led to outbreaks and to the present
pandemic which is exacerbated by: a. | social activity | b. | migration, tourism and travel | c. | intravenous drug abuse | d. | sexual practices and mores | e. | all of these | | |
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16.
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Transmission of the AIDS virus occurs via __ contact with infectious body fluids, and
secretions typical of __ encounters but not limited to them. Though everyone is susceptible,
chief risk factors are __, in particular, sexual intercourse and transfer of blood or its
derivatives. a. | direct, sexual,
behavioral | b. | vector, wound,
moral | | |
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17.
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Of the
modes listed below, which is the least probable route for AIDS transmission? a. | blood-sucking insects | b. | handshake, close contact | c. | public toilets | d. | airborne droplet inhalation | e. | fomites | | |
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18.
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Poliomyelitis, known also as infantile __, is an acute enteroviral infection with
complications of the __ cord and neuromuscular paralysis. The poliovirus, in its naked capsid,
can aggregate like crystals, a __ property of great stability and resistance to acid, bile and
detergents. Polioviruses thus arrive safely in the gut despite environmental and gastric
hazards. a. | paralysis,
spinal, mineral | b. | motility, umbilical, plant | | |
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19.
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Hepatitis caused by RNA viruses share these traits. Which trait relates most
closely to infectious hepatitis and hepatitis A virus infection and the oral-fecal
route? a. | not related to
hepatitis B though both prefer liver cells | b. | a cubical picornavirus that crystallizes if
purified | c. | resistant to heat
yet sensitive to formalin, chlorine, and ultraviolet radiation | d. | HAV infects the intestinal epithelium and hepatocytes,
causes acute hepatitis | e. | impacts personal hygiene, public sanitation, food, drink,
sewage contamination | | |
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20.
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Hepatitis A infection is usually __ and self-limiting although flu-like symptoms
sometimes develop. Seldom, do liver complications occur, and not __. Although no specific
treatment is called for, early administration of pooled immune __ globulin alleviates
symptoms. a. | avirulent,
latency, mono- | b. | subclinical,
oncogenesis, serum | | |
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