Multiple Choice
Identify the letter of the choice that
best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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Most
spirochetes are __ saprobes, adapted to soil and water habitats, or commensals in the __ of animals,
yet three genera encompass human pathogens: Borrelia, Leptospira, and Treponema.
They are all gram-negative, helical, and motile by _____ _______. a. | free-living, GI tract, axial
filaments | b. | parasitic, skin,
amphitrichous flagella | | |
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2.
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No
organism other than __ have been found to harbor T. pallidum. Experimental inoculations
in animals fail to establish __ lesions, and humans appear to be the sole host and __ source of
infection. a. | humans, syphilic,
natural | b. | males, infective,
latent | | | | |
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3.
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Syphilis transmission by __ contact is by far the most frequent but not exclusive
mode. Instances of transfer by fomites, laboratory accidents, blood transfusion and even __,
though rare, are known. a. | sexual, transplacental
infection | b. | vector, aerosol | | | | |
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4.
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The
incidence of syphilis and other STD infections is least associated with which of the following
characteristics? a. | metropolitan
settings | b. | prostitution | c. | AIDS | d. | IV drug abuse | e. | exercise gyms | | |
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5.
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The
spirochetes differ from the helical or vibriod gram-negative rods because
spirochetes: a. | don't cause
disease. | b. | possess axial filaments. | c. | possess flagella. | d. | are prokaryotic. | e. | none of the above distinguish spirochetes from
spirilla | | |
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6.
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Leptospirosis is a zoonotic infection contracted from two species, Leptospira
interrogans and L. biflexa. What trait makes this infection hard to
eradicate? a. | adapted primarily
to the tropics | b. | harbored by many
wild animals and some livestock | c. | are shed with the urine, remain viable for several months
in moisture | d. | portal of entry
and source are abraided skin contacting polluted water | e. | disseminating leptospiremia leads to brain, eye, liver and
kidney damage | | |
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7.
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Ticks
and lice are the main __ in the transmission of relapsing fevers like borrelioses. Prominent __
hosts are squirrels, rodents, and chipmunks. Laboratory study is hampered by the inability to
propagate Borrelia on __ media. a. | vectors, reservoir,
artificial | b. | sources, accidental,
viable | | | | |
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8.
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Two
genera are zoonotic pathogens and another pair are human pathogens. Which genus is most
opportunistic? a. | Pseudomonas | b. | Bordetella | c. | Legionella | d. | Brucella | e. | Francisella | | |
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9.
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Endotoxic shock that accompanies gram-negative __ poses a life-threatening __ in blood
pressure and flow. Vital organs at risk include the __, heart, lungs, and
kidney. a. | syndrome, rise,
lymph nodes | b. | sepsis, drop, brain | | | | |
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10.
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Pseudomonads have genomes that code for diverse enzymes such as __ , which digests
proteins. a. | amylase | b. | pectinase | c. | protease | d. | endonuclease | e. | cellulase | | |
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11.
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Pseudomonas spp. exoenzymes enable them to utilize exotic substrates in wastes
and __, some of which are toxic to vertebrates. Since these versatile bacteria can degrade
organic commodities like soap and gasoline, drug __ is not unexpected. a. | preservatives, half-life | b. | pollutants, resistance | | | | |
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12.
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Pseudomonas aeurginosa is not: a. | a strict pathogen | b. | wherever soil and dust can go | c. | a medical devices contaminant | d. | an occasional human enteric | e. | soap, detergent, dessication
resistant | | |
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13.
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Although undulant fever is neither __, nor __, antimicrobics like tetracycline,
rifampin, and streptomycin are indicated. Preventative measures entail eliminating infected
animals and __ of milk. An animal vaccine is available but no safe human version has been
developed yet. a. | lethal,
contagious, pasteurization | b. | noncommunicable, zoonotic,
sterilize | | |
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14.
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Pertussis is not: a. | called whooping cough | b. | caused by Bordetella
pertussis | c. | potentially
life-threatening | d. | contagious | e. | a childhood affliction | | |
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15.
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Diarrhea is most commonly elicited by: a. | normal flora | b. | intestinal disorders | c. | exogenous pathogens | d. | food poisoning | e. | neural origin, drugs | | |
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16.
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The
Enterobacteriaceae do not manifest: a. | saprobic, enteric adaptation | b. | aerobic, facultative metabolism | c. | gram-negative, rod shapes | d. | diarrhea provocation | e. | endosporulation, cysts | | |
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17.
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The
gram-negative enterics are: a. | ferment glucose | b. | reduce nitrate to nitrite | c. | oxidase negative | d. | coliforms and noncoliforms | e. | all of these | | |
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18.
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The
causative agent of Bang’s disease in cattle (usually called undulating fever when transmitted to
humans by way of infected animals or contact with contaminated animal products) is the
bacterium: a. | Bordetella
pertussis | b. | Legionella
sp. | c. | Brucella
sp. | d. | Camplobacter
fetus | e. | Pseudomonas
aeruginosa | | |
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19.
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The
greatest cause of mortality among infants world-wide is: a. | congenital syphilis | b. | bubonic plague | c. | meningitis | d. | infantile diarhhea | e. | scarlet fever | | |
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20.
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Which
of the following genera are NOT enterics or members of the Family Enterobacteriaceae?
a. | Salmonella and Shigella
| b. | Escherichia and
Klebsiella | c. | Yersinia and
Proteus | d. | Pasteurella and Haemophilus | e. | All of the above
are enterics | | |
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21.
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The
organism responsible for bubonic plague is: a. | Escherichia coli | b. | Yersinia pestis | c. | Haemophilus influenza | d. | Vibrio cholerae | e. | Chamydia trachomatis | | |
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22.
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The
genus of bacteria traditionally classified according to a system developed by Rebecca Lancefield
(Group A, B, C, etc.) based on cell wall carbohydrates is: a. | Staphylococcus | b. | Salmonellae | c. | Escherichia | d. | Streptococcus | e. | Corynebacterium | | |
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23.
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Which
of these organs is most frequently affected by rheumatic fever? a. | heart | b. | lungs | c. | brain | d. | intestine | e. | skin | | |
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24.
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A very
severe, even deadly, type of food poisoning is caused by the anaerobic,
spore-forming: a. | Proteus
vulgaris | b. | Mycobacterium
leprae | c. | Salmonella
typhi | d. | Clostridium
botulinum | e. | Entamoeba
histolytica | | |
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25.
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S.
aureus is perhaps the most resistant nonsporeforming pathogen, a prevalent hospital
troublemaker. It tolerates all but: a. | dessication, salt | b. | ionizing radiation | c. | anaerobic conditions | d. | disinfectants, antibiotics | e. | temperature extremes | | |
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26.
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The
virulence factor of S. aureus that accounts for pathogenicity: a. | coagulase | b. | enterotoxin | c. | exfoliative toxin | d. | leukocidin | e. | all of these | | |
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27.
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The
effect of exfoliative toxin is called the scalded skin syndrome because of some semblance
to: a. | an actual burn | b. | molting skin | | |
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28.
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Outbreaks of staphylococcal food poisoning are least associated
with: a. | rich, processed
meats | b. | promptly
refrigerated food | c. | nasal carrier cook | d. | repeatedly handled foods | e. | all of these | | |
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29.
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All of
the following streptococci are human pathogens but the most virulent is: a. | S. agalactiae | b. | Enterococcus faecalis | c. | S. mutans | d. | S. pneumoniae | e. | S. pyogenes | | |
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30.
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The
Lancefield convention for streptoccal classification by alphabet is based upon: a. | blood agar hemolysis | b. | serological differentiation; cell wall
carbohydrates | | |
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31.
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A
member of normal flora, Streptococcus agalactiae is representative of Lancefield
group:
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32.
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The
test that differentiates group A, Streptococcus pyogenes from other b-hemolytic streptococci
is a positive __ test. a. | CAMP factor | b. | bacitracin sensitivity | c. | hippurate hydrolysis | d. | bile esculin | | |
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33.
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Even
though the viridans streptococci of the oral cavity are noninvasive, by their very presence, they
leak into the bloodstream through nicks and abrasions associated with: a. | chewing | b. | brushing of teeth | c. | dental work | d. | biting | e. | all of these | | |
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34.
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A
typical encounter with N. gonorrhoea is through __ contact of genital mucosa. During
natural childbirth with an infected mother, the neonatal __ is vulnerable. In males infection
usually targets the __ lining, but chronic infection may reach the spermatic duct where obstructive
scars form. a. | sexual,
conjunctiva, urethra | b. | casual, skin, anal | | |
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35.
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The
group least susceptible to meningococcal meningitis, but vulnerable to Haemophilus influenzae
are: a. | neonates at home | b. | children 6-36 months old | c. | adolescents, teenagers | d. | young adults | e. | older adults | | |
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36.
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By comparison, the
number of pathogenic bacilli __ that of pathogenic cocci. The __ of pathogenic sporeforming
bacilli is also greater than that of sporeforming cocci. a. | exceeds, variety | b. | is less than, limits | | |
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37.
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Which of the
following characteristics is not applicable to the genus Bacillus? a. | nutritionally fastidious | b. | antibiotic source | c. | in soil, dust, water, on plants | d. | aerobic, catalase positive | e. | diverse hydrolytic enzymes | | |
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38.
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Anthrax is
primarily a __ disease harbored among __ animals that become infected by breathing dust and feeding
on rough vegetation contaminated with __ of Bacillus anthracis. a. | zoonotic, grazing, spores | b. | genetic, wild, bacilli | | |
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39.
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One form of __
poisoning is caused by __ cereus, a saprobic soil inhabitant. Spore-bearing dust wafted
upon precooked dishes, rice, potato, or meat to be cooked, are typical modes of
contamination. a. | food,
Bacillus | b. | allergenic, Clostridium | | |
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40.
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Characteristics by
which Clostridium is differentiated from Bacillus are __ and __
traits. a. | soil, water
habitat | b. | anaerobic, catalase
negative | c. | invasivness,
toxigenicity | d. | sporeformer,
nonsporeformer | e. | saprobe,
parasitism | | |
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41.
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The etiologic
agent of gas gangrene is: a. | Clostridium perfringens | b. | Cl. botulinum | c. | Bacillus anthracis | d. | all the above | e. | both a and b | | |
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42.
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Clostridium
tetani is a __ inhabitant and a harmless __ colonist of animals. However, the deep
inoculation of spores into crushed, burned, punctured, __ wounds sets the stage for
tetanus. a. | soil, gut,
microanaerobic | b. | sporadic, commensal,
aerated | | |
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43.
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The type of food
most often associated with botulism is: a. | pasteurized dairy goods | b. | commercial jerky meat | c. | brand name fruit preserves | d. | home processed, low-acid vegetables | e. | deep fried fish | | |
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44.
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When preparing to
consume home-preserved food, which precaution will most reliably prevent exposure to
botulism? a. | tomatoes and fruits are
consistently safe since they are acidic foods | b. | canned or bottled preserves that show no sign of bulging or leakage
are safe | c. | opened preserves that don't
look or smell spoiled are safe | d. | sprinkle sodium nitrite, salt, or vinegar on
food | e. | boil food for at least ten
minutes | | |
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45.
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Listeria
monocytogenes is the agent of __, an affliction of recent prominence. Infection in the
otherwise healthy person is mild or __ with symptoms resembling the common cold. Outbreaks in
pregnancy have caused spontaneous __ or stillbirth, and have been linked to contaminated cheese or
other dairy products. a. | listerine, prominent, generation | b. | listeriosis, subclinical, abortion | | |
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46.
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Which traits are
not typical of the cells of the genus Mycobacteria? a. | slow growing, granulated | b. | curved, filamentous rods | c. | impervious, lipid enveloped | d. | acid-fast, gram-positive | e. | motile, sporeforming | | |
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47.
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Normally the body
is __ to infection by the tubercle bacillus. The microbe enters and initially __ in target
tissue. A __ response is marshalled, attempting to limit dissemination. a. | permissive, settles, phagocytic | b. | receptive, establish, compromise | | |
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48.
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The minimum
infectious dose for tuberculosis is on the order of: a. | 1-2 cells | b. | about 10 cells | | |
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49.
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Leprosy diagnosis
performed with a simple feather serves to reveal: a. | skin sensory loss | b. | patient's history | c. | acid-fast bacilli | d. | amputated hands or feet | e. | muscle weakness, thickened earlobes | | |
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50.
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Treatment for
leprosy is very slow, but not because the: a. | mycobacteria are slow growers | b. | bacilli have waxy envelope | c. | shielded in granuloma core | d. | bacilli are intracellular | e. | mycobacteria are acid-fast | | |
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