1	Basic Chemistry The “basement” of the biological hierarchy pyramid—atoms, molecules and compounds
2	Matter—the “stuff” of life” Matter is composed of small particles called atoms. All the different kinds of atoms are chemical elements. Elements differ from one another because of varying numbers of protons contained in the nucleus of the atom.
3	Chemical Bonds and the Formation of Compounds The majority of the elements do not exist in elemental form but are bonded together with other elements to form chemical compounds. Two major types of chemical bonds form compounds. Ionic bonds form ionic compounds and covalent bonds form covalent molecules.
4	Ionic Bonding Ionic bonds form when atoms are attracted to one another by opposite electrical charges. The elements sodium and chlorine react to produce sodium chloride. Metallic sodium will donate an electron to non-metallic chlorine. About 0.06% of the atoms in your body are Na⁺and Cl^- (40 g or the wt. of your fingernails!)
5	Covalent Bonding Covalent bonds form when atoms share a pair(s) of electron(s). Example: hydrogen and oxygen will share a pair of electrons between them when the covalent molecule water is formed. The bonds that hold the molecules of your body together are covalent bonds. Covalent bonds are best suited to aid in construction of the molecules of life because they are directional bonds.
6	Water—the life-giving liquid Water is a unique substance. It is the only low molecular weight covalent compound that exists as a liquid at ambient temperatures. Water is a polar molecule. It is this polarity that gives water its unique properties.
7	Properties of Water Water is a universal solvent. Water has a high specific heat. Water is adhesive and cohesive. Water is most dense at 4 C and not at its freezing point (0 C). Water has both acidic and basic properties. Water forms hydrogen bonds with itself and many other substances
8	Acid/Base Chemistry
9	Biological Molecules The Chemistry of Life
10	Carbohydrates – C:H₂:O Functions Serve as a readily available fuel for living things (sugars and starches) Form certain structural components (cellulose, chitin, or peptidoglycan) Make up an important component of genetic materials—DNA and RNA (deoxyribose and ribose)
11	Carbohydrates--Basic building blocks Monosaccharides or simple sugars Examples: Glucose—C₆H₁₂0₆ Fructose--C₆H₁₂0₆ Deoxyribose–C₅H₁₀0₄ Ribose—C₅H₁₀0₅
12	Carbohydrates--Other Examples Disaccharides—lactose (milk sugar), maltose (malt sugar), sucrose (cane sugar) These “double sugars” are produced through a dehydration synthesis reactions typical in the formation of all polymers.
13	Dehydration Synthesis—removal of H₂O
14	Carbohydrates—Other Examples Polysaccharides—plant and animal starches, cellulose, peptidoglycan or chitin Plant and animal starches are digestable and used as fuel sources Cellulose is undigestable plant fiber but necessary for peristalsis to occur
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16	Lipids—C:H:O with much less O than C Functions Serve as a source of long-term stored fuel Form certain structural components (cellular membranes) Act as insulation for neurons (myelin sheath) or lubrication and protection (ear wax)
17	Lipids--Basic building blocks Glycerol Fatty Acids Saturated—from animal sources; generally are solid at room temperature (lard, chicken fat) Unsaturated—from plant sources; generally are liquid at room temperature (corn oil, sunflower oil)
18	Examples of Lipids Triglycerides—true fats; contain one glycerol and three fatty acids Phospholipids—important component of cell membranes; replace one fatty acid with a phosphate group
19	Other Examples of Lipids Waxes—use an alcohol other than glycerol Steroids—unique structure; male and female sex hormones; cholesterol; cortisone
20	Proteins—C:H:O:N Functions Serve as structural components (hemoglobin, keratin) Act as enzymes or biological catalysts during chemical reactions (perioxidase, renin or pepsin) Many act as hormones or chemical messengers (insulin, thyroxine)
21	Proteins—Basic building blocks Amino Acids Approximately 20+ different amino acids Arranged in specific sequences like letters in words to produce different proteins Chains of amino acids are also folded in 2 and 3 dimensions to produce working polypeptide or protein (and sometimes 4 dimensions)
22	Peptide Bonding
23	Primary thru Quaternary Structure of Proteins
24	More Examples of Proteins Collagen—the most abundant protein in your body; forms the matrix of your skin, ligaments, tendons and bone Antibodies—protect from infections and cancer Fibrin—clots blood
25	Nucleic Acids—C:H:O:N:S:P Functions Serve as the genetic material for all life forms—DNA and RNA Also serve as the chief energy currency for life—ATP
26	Nucleic Acids—Basic Building Blocks Nucleotides—composed of three basic parts A pentose (5 carbon) sugar—either ribose or deoxyribose A phosphate group—a negatively charged structure One of five different nitrogen bases—adenine, guanine, thymine, cytosine or uracil
27	Examples of N.A. DNA—the genetic material A double helix composed of two strands of nucleotides. Each chain is made of millions of nucleotides, but these millions are of four types that differ only in their nitrogenous bases. Uses deoxyribose as the sugar and adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine bases.
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29	"RNA—works with DNA to provide..." RNA—works with DNA to provide a copy of the genetic information to the cell A single strand of nucleotides. Strand is copied from only one specific gene from the DNA molecule. Uses ribose sugar and adenine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil bases.
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