This little frog has an objective and so should you!  Here are some for Biology 1406.

GOAL ONE:  UPON COMPLETION OF THE STUDY OF THIS UNIT, YOU WILL UNDERSTAND THE CHARACTERISTICS OF LIFE AND DISCOVER THAT ALTHOUGH LIVING THINGS ARE DIVERSE, THEIR CHEMICAL AND CELLULAR ORGANIZATION IS SIMILAR.  YOU WILL ALSO OBTAIN A FUNCTIONAL PERSPECTIVE OF VARIOUS CELL STRUCTURES.

Upon completion of this unit, you will be able to complete the following OBJECTIVES for the course.

1. List and describe at least five characteristics of life upon which the study of biology is based.

2. Describe the “nature of science” and identify the evidence for macroevolution.

3. Describe the origins of evolutionary thought.

GOAL TWO: UPON COMPLETION OF THE STUDY OF THIS UNIT, YOU WILL GAIN AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE WAYS CELLS REGULATE INTERACTIONS WITH THE ENVIRONMENT AND THE PROCESSES USED BY CELLS TO PRODUCE CHEMICAL ENERGY IN THE FORM OF ATP.

1.         Draw and describe the fluid mosaic model of the plasma membrane.

2.         Give examples of hypotonic, isotonic, and hypertonic solutions as they relate to various cells.

3.        Categorize the passage of materials into and out of the cell as either energy requiring or not. Be able to define the various ways in which this passage occurs: diffusion, osmosis, endocytosis, active transport, etc.

4.         Define energy and metabolism, oxidation and reduction. 

5.         Define the first and second laws of thermodynamics and relate the way in which these concepts apply to living cells. 

6.         Be able to discuss the relationship between enzymes, cofactors, and metabolic pathways. 

7.        Describe the ATP/ADP cycle and the two ways in which cells can produce ATP. 

8.         Name and recognize the necessary raw materials of respiration and the important end products.

9.         Compare and contrast anaerobic and aerobic respiration.  Distinguish between two forms of anaerobic respiration (i.e. alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation). 

10.      Describe the four stages of aerobic respiration by listing the starting materials, the final end products and the location of each stage.  Be able to draw the basic internal structure of the mitochondrion and label the cristae and the matrix. 

11.       Name and recognize the necessary raw materials of photosynthesis and the important end products. 

12.      Compare and contrast the two main stages of photosynthesis by listing the starting materials, the final end products and the location of each stage.  Be able to draw the basic internal structure of the chloroplast and label the thylakoid, grana, and stroma. 

1. Arrange the stages of the cell cycle and construct a flow chart describing the     processes taking place.

2. Outline the major characteristics of a cell with 2 pair of chromosomes as it is viewed during interphase, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.

3. Identify each stage of mitosis in a whitefish blastula as seen under 40Xpower of the microscope.

4. Construct the relationship between the movements of chromosomes during mitosis vs. meiosis in a cell with two pair of chromosomes.

5. Compare and contrast spermatogenesis and oogenesis in animals.

6. Define the following terms and use them in context: dominant; recessive;             homozygous; heterozygous; P₁ generation; F₁ generation;  F₂ generation; alleles; monohybrid; dihybrid; incomplete dominance; codominance 

7.  Define and compare the terms phenotype and genotype and their relationship to the terms dominant and recessive.

8.  Use a Punnett square to illustrate monohybrid crosses and be able to calculate genotypic and phenotypic ratios expected. 

9.  Solve problems involving sex-linked and sex-influenced characteristics and be able to discuss why human males are more likely to suffer from sex-linked diseases than females. 

10.  State the possible genotypes of people with bloodtype A, B, AB, or O and use knowledge of these genotypes to solve problems relating to bloodtype.

1.   Describe the structure of a nucleotide including at least three (3) differences between DNA and RNA.

2. Describe and draw the structure of DNA and the manner by which replication of DNA occurs.

3. Describe the genetic code and explain why it must be a triplet code.

4. Given a DNA coding strand and a table of codons, determine the complimentary mRNA strand, the codons and anticodons that would be involved in peptide formation from that mRNA sequence, and the amino acid sequence that would be translated.

5. Describe the role of DNA, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, and amino acids in protein synthesis and be able to apply this knowledge to illustrate the essential components of protein synthesis.

6. Define and know the relationships between the following terms: structural gene; intron; exon; transcription; translation; codon