1	Life Cycle: Maternal and Infant Nutrition
2	Pregnancy Nutrition before conception Risk assessment, health promotion, intervention Weight Maintain a healthy weight Vitamins 400 micrograms folic acid/day Avoid high doses of vitamin A (retinol) Substance use Eliminate prior to pregnancy
3	Pregnancy Physiology of pregnancy Stages of human fetal growth Blastogenic stage: first 2 weeks Cells differentiate into fetus, placenta Embryonic stage: weeks 2-8 Development of organ systems Fetal stage: week 9-delivery Growth
4	Pregnancy Physiology of pregnancy Maternal physiological changes Growth of adipose, breast, uterine tissues Increase blood volume Slower GI motility
5	Pregnancy Maternal weight gain Recommendations depend on BMI Normal weight (BMI = 19.8 – 26) Gain 25-35 pounds Energy and nutrition during pregnancy Energy Support adequate weight gain Macronutrients High carbohydrate, moderate fat and protein
6	Pregnancy Energy and nutrition during pregnancy Micronutrients Increase need for most vitamins and minerals Highest increase for iron and folate Food choices for pregnant women Pyramid-style diet Supplements of iron and folate Substance use Risk for birth defects, low birth weight, preterm delivery
7	Pregnancy Special situations Gastrointestinal distress Food cravings and aversions Hypertension Diabetes Gestational diabetes AIDS Adolescence
8	Lactation Physiology of lactation Changes during pregnancy Increased breast tissue Maturation of structure Hormonal controls Prolactin: stimulates milk production Oxytocin: stimulates milk release “let-down” reflex
9	Lactation Nutrition for breastfeeding women Energy and protein higher needs than pregnancy Vitamins and minerals Most are higher or same as pregnancy Iron and folate needs are lower Water Food choices Practices to avoid while breastfeeding Alcohol, drugs, smoking, excess caffeine
10	Lactation Benefits of breastfeeding Benefits for infants Optimal nutrition Reduced incidence of respiratory, GI, ear infections Convenience Other benefits Benefits for mother Convenience Enhance recovery of uterus size Other benefits Contraindications to breastfeeding
11	Infancy Infant growth and development Growth best marker of nutritional status Evaluated using growth charts Weight gain Double birth weight by 4-6 months Triple birth weight by 12 months Length gain Increase length by 50% by 12 months Head circumference
12	Infancy Energy and nutrient needs of infancy Requirements based on composition of breast milk Energy Highest needs of any life stage ~ 100 kcals/kg/day Protein Highest needs of any life stage ~ 2 g/kg/day Carbohydrate and fat Fat major energy source Carbohydrates as simple sugars Water
13	Infancy Energy and nutrient needs of infancy Key vitamins and minerals Vitamin D Vitamin K Vitamin B12 Iron Fluoride Feeding infants Breastfeeding Infant formula
14	Infancy Introduction of solid foods Readiness for solids Increased digestive enzymes Loss of extrusion reflex Able to sit without support Age of about 4-6 months Feeding schedule Baby rice cereal Strained fruits, vegetables, meats Add one food at a time
15	Infancy Feeding problems during infancy Colic Baby bottle tooth decay Iron-deficiency anemia Gastroesophageal reflux Diarrhea Failure to thrive